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Waa maxay qalin?

Qalin waa qalabka xafiisyada iyo rinjiyeynta in markii hore sameeyey graphite saafi ah (tusaale ahaan Staedtler Pensil Terbaik Untuk Anak). qorniinkii waxaa loo sameeyaa by xoqid graphite gal warbaahinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, graphite saafi jenjeero inuu si fudud u jebin, aad u jilicsan, siinta saamayn wasakh markii warbaahinta xoq gacmahaaga, oo heli gacmahaaga wasakh markii lagu qabtay. Sababta oo ah waxa ka dibna abuuray isku dar ah graphite dhoobada si kooban adag. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, oo sideeda oo walxo la duudduubay warqad ama qoryo.

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Isticmaalka hogaanka iyo graphite bilaabay in Greece hore. Labada siin saamaynta xariijimo cawl, graphite inkastoo wax yar ka badan madow. Graphite waxaa aad u dhif ah loo isticmaalo ilaa wakhti danbe mooye in 1564 ogaaday in ay ku jiraan xaddi badan oo graphite saafi ah in Borrowdale, dooxada ku taal Degmada Lake ee waqooyiga England. In kasta oo ay u ekaa dhuxul, macdanta ma guban kara, oo ka tegey madow ah dhaldhalaalaan, oo si fudud loo saari badan dusha qoraal ah. Wakhtigan graphite dheer ayaa weli khaldin waxa daasadda, lead, iyo plumbago, taasoo la micno ah "Oo sidii laxaamad oo" la siin nooca dhowaad isku mid ah. Sidaa qalin hogaanka dheer (qalinka) ayaa weli maanta loo isticmaalo. Maxaa yeelay, texture uu yahay saliid leh, doodiisa ku duudduubtay oo Sheepskin ama qaybo yar oo bir berbentuktongkat duubin xadhig ah. Qofna ma yaqaanno oo hore u lahaa fikradda ah in lagu kordhiyo hogaanka madow weel ka samaysan alwaax, laakiin ee 1560 ee, qalin heer hoose ay gaareen qaarada Yurub.

Muddo gaaban kaddib, hogaanka la miino iyo dhoofiyo si loo daboolo baahida fanaaniinta, iyo qarnigii 17aad, la odhan karaa hogaanka ayaa meel walba loo isticmaalo. Isla mar ahaantaana, sameeyayaal qalin tijaabiyay hogaanka madow in ay soo saaraan qalab qoraal fiican. Daahir ah oo aan si fudud loo soo saaro, hogaanka ka Borrowdale noqon bartilmaameedka tuugo iyo marketers madow. Si taas ka adkaaday, Baarlamaanka Ingiriiska ka gudbay sharciga ah ee 1752 shardi keeni kara tuug la xiray ama masaafirradiinna qaarkoodu aadnay ciqaabta.

Laakiin in 1779, farmashiyaha a Carl W. Scheele cilmi-baaris iyo gabagabeeyey in graphite ku leedahay hantida badan kiimiko kala duwan leh hogaanka. Graphite waa carbon saafi ah ka kooban kelli ah oo jilicsan. Ugu dambeyntii ee 1789, Haseyeeshee Germany, Ibraahim G. Werner siiyey graphite magaca, kaas oo ka soo jeeda erayga Giriigga ah graphein, taas oo macnaheedu yahay qoraal. Sidaas darteed, ka kooban qalin halkii daasadda.

Sanado badan graphite Ingiriisi hareereeyay warshadaha qalin-qaadashada maxaa yeelay waxay ahayd saafi ah oo ku filan si ay u isticmaalaan oo aan processing dheeraad ah. Sababtoo ah graphite ee European ahaa liita, saarayaasha qalin waxaa tijaabiyay siyaabo si loo hagaajiyo qalin hogaanka. Injineer Faransiis Nicolas-Jacques Conte qasan graphite budo dhoobada, sameynta isku dar ah galay ulo, oo waa in meesha dabka lagu gubay. By kala duwan ratio ee graphite in dhoobada, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan in ay ka dhigi raadad in soo saaray midabo kala duwan ee-madow ah habka loo isticmaalo ilaa haatan.

Qarnigii 19aad, soo saaridda of qalin ganacsi weyn. Graphite waxaa laga helaa meelo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan Siberia, Germany, iyo waxa ay hadda loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyadda Czech. In Germany, ka dibna oo dalka Mareykanka ah, tiro ka mid ah warshadaha furay. Mechanization iyo qiimaha wax soo saarka mass hoos, iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, xitaa carruurta dugsiga la isticmaalayo qalin.

Markii hore graphite qalin by duubaya warqad joog bakhtiistay qaataha. Laakiin mar dambe laga helay hab dheeraad ah oo wax ku ool ah oo hufan si ay u dedaan usha graphite Dhan laba dhul- alwaax ditoreh si ay u siiyaan meel ul graphite ka dibna la isku daro.

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Comments:
[2018-07-16 17:45] Aacaviviospero :

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